Taittiriya Upanishad Lecture 12 on 07 August 2024

Full Transcript (Not Corrected)

We are studying the Taittiriya Upanishad. We have completed the peace chant and we have entered into the second section called Anuvaka. As we discussed earlier, Taittiriya Upanishad is divided into three chapters. Sikshadhyaya or second one is Sikshavalli, Brahmanandavalli and Bhrigavalli. And the first chapter is called Sikshadhyaya. Training a devotee how to move forward in spiritual life. And the very first section is devoted to prayer to God. In fact, the first and the last, that is 12th section are devoted. First is prayer to God so that no obstacles will be there and we will be endowed with the required qualities, etc. And the last one is as if we reached, we completed our goal, we reached our destination. So a kind of thanksgiving. And also we have to remember, this particular Upanishad has got two peace chants. One is just now what we chanted. The second is Sahanaavato, Sahanaubhunakto, Sahabheriyankarvavahai, Tejasvinaavaditamastu, Maavidvishavahai, Om Shanti Shanti Shanti which will start from the second chapter called Brahmanandavalli. Now the first section or called Anuvaka is only full of peace chant. We have entered into the second Anuvaka and it is called Sikshadhyaya, that is how to train a person. Why? In the olden days people, any Brahmachari who goes to the teacher and in those days the custom was not to study at home. Maybe there were a few people for whatever reason, if the children were not able to go to the Gurukula, then of course a person will be taught by the father or elder brother or uncle or some nearby person. But usually the custom was to send him to the Gurukula. And what is the very first thing the Brahmachari has to learn, how to chant the Vedas. Veda is called Adhyayana. Adhyayana means in English language we call it study. And this Adhyayana or study is divided into two types. First is how to chant properly. One reason for that is in those days the writing skill was not developed and therefore one has to learn everything from the teacher. And then the Vedic teachers were absolutely adamant that even one syllable should not go here and there. The second reason is of course that the pronunciation, the way we speak, as we discussed earlier quite elaborately, the way we speak influences our thoughts and vice versa. Our thoughts also influence the way we speak and both of these influence how we act and react in this world. That is why Anurakti or going on repeating things is very very important. In this context also I told you that prayer to God is okay. Japam or repetition of God's name is also okay. But we do not place emphasis on what are we supposed to do with our life. For example, it is nice to repeat the names of God. But I have to develop non-agitation, non-attachment, non-acquisition of more than what is necessary and care and share with everybody whatever we have. So even though so many devotees go on chanting Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavatam, etc., but the qualities required to be developed have not been developed. And that is beautifully outlined, though in brief, but in extraordinary depth, which we will come to slowly. But first a child is to be given training. And I also mentioned earlier the meaning of the word Brahmachari. So we have started associating a Brahmachari is one who observes Brahmacharya. Charya means day-to-day engagement of ourselves in actions. Brahmacharya means devoting or keeping Brahman at the center of all our activities. And one of the most important things is to see that our mind is not attracted sexually to anybody. Keeping continence, that is what we attribute the meaning. Brahmacharya means observing continence, which includes the thoughts, intentions, words and of course deeds. But a young boy is only 7 or 8 years old. And why 7 or 8 years old? Because at that time the mind is very pliable, very soft. Whatever is kept there, that will remain and influence the whole life. That is why the Jesuits in a small branch of Christianity, and they were masters in psychology. Every spiritual person is a master in psychology because we have to deal with the mind. Spirituality is nothing but not acquiring something, but destroying whatever we have acquired so long. So getting rid of Ajnana, ignorance, that is the only Sadhana. We don't need to get God because we are God already and God is everywhere. And if He is everywhere, He is everything. If He is everything, then we do not exist. Only God exists. So the teachers used to keep these young children. The Jesuit fathers used to say, Give me the first 7 years of your child's life to us and we will shape his life so that for life he is made. That is to say, we will brainwash so that the brain will be full of these things only. Okay, so all these things we are telling because Brahmacharya means one who is totally devoted only to God and to nothing else. Or here in this case, Brahma means Veda. And the very first thing is Adhyayana, chanting. Not studying, but chanting. And chanting requires perfection. And for that only, we get the astounding way the training has to be given to these young children. How deeply our Rishis have studied, where from these letters are coming, and then which parts of the sound box they are touching and exactly where they should be touched. That is why many people have concluded Sanskrit language is the perfect computer language. Of course, they are not using it. But so far as I know, among all the world languages, Sanskrit is the only one which has got 52 alphabets. And it has to be written, it has to be pronounced exactly in the same way. And we are all speaking English language. In English language, the first thing is we are taught to pronounce it not as aa, but as a, a, b, c, d, e, etc. But look at the Sanskrit, a, a, i, i, u, u, r, r, u, l, l, u, e, e, i, o, o, u, m, aha. 14 swaras are there. Swara means vowels. So, and then consonants follow. 33 consonants are there. How? There is no language sound which cannot be pronounced with the help of these Sanskrit alphabets. So, in the first, how a child has to learn to pronounce properly, the science of pronunciation. That is what is called Siksha. And curiously, it is named as c, that is to say two matras. When it comes, I will tell you what the two matras are there. But actually, it is c, only one matra, Siksha. But it is, some Rishi had done it. So, therefore, we don't want to change it. So, Sankaracharya beautifully puts it, Siksha. It should be pronounced as, or understood as Siksha only. So, the second Anuvaka, how does it start? Siksham yakhyaasyamaha. Varnaha, Swaraha, Matra, Balam, Samaha, Santanaha, Ityuktaha, Sikshaadhyayaha, or Sikshaadhyayaha. Iti dviti yo anuvakaha. We just introduced in our last class, we will explore the tremendous beauty, depth, extensity of even how to pronounce properly. So, the first thing is Om. We will now expound Siksha, or the science of pronunciation. It deals with sound, pitch, quantity, force, modulation, and combination. Six factors are taken into consideration. Thus is explained the lesson on pronunciation in this second Anuvaka. As I said, first Anuvaka is peace chant. Twelfth Anuvaka is also peace chant. So, the rest of the ten Anuvakas, this is the first or the second Anuvaka, how to pronounce every syllable properly. So, in this second small section, Taittiriya Upanishad, or the Rishi of the Taittiriya Upanishad is talking about the importance of Parayanam. Parayanam means chanting continuously, repeating as a sadhana, as a spiritual practice. So, does merely studying the scripture give any result according to our Rishis? Yes, without the least bit of doubt. That is why in the glory of the Gita, Gita Mahatmya, it is said, one shloka, half a shloka, or a few words of the shloka. If you pronounce, then they go to extra or hyperbolic language. Then if a person has devoted one crore cows to needy Brahmanas, what result such a person is going to get? And that is what this person, by just chanting once, he will get so much of Punya. Of course, it is a kind of what is called advertisement, but it doesn't mean there is no truth in the advertisement. The truth is we are what we are because of how we think. Our thoughts are made up of what we continuously hear in our home, in our society, in our school. Just look what is happening. It is said, funnily, that if you repeat or hear something enough number of times, then you come to believe that that is the only truth and nothing but the truth. And how much of social disharmony, the present war that is going on, how much it is because of the religious hatred. It is all how people are. They are not different from each other. So they are like us. There are good people, there are bad people and normal people everywhere. But how come that the Vaishnavas hate the Shaktas or Shaivas and vice versa? How is it that the Semitic religions born of the same family, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, they cannot tolerate the other fellow? How come? Are people really so wicked? No. Some of these so-called leaders, they go on repeating day after day, this is the truth, this is the truth. And what is repeated many times, funny thing is, even if somebody wants to preach something wrong repeatedly, so many people start believing it. Not only many, other people start believing it. The fellow who has knowingly started this propaganda also starts himself or herself believing what he is repeating. That is the power of repetition. If that is the power of repetition and that same power, it can be utilized in the proper way, positive way, spiritual way and that is called Parayana. That is why I have seen people, the entire Ramayana, early morning they get up, even some of the Sannyasins, they are called devotees of Sri Rama. And from early morning, 3 o'clock, they start chanting this Sanskrit Valmiki Ramayana and then after one or two months, they complete and then again they start. There are people who start Bhagavatam, there are people who start, like our mantra, scriptures are chanted continuously and it has tremendous effect. The name of God is very, very powerful. So not anything that is good because the scripture talks nothing but what is good for us, talking about God, talking about our immortality, talking about our divine nature. And when you study repeatedly the works of Swami Vivekananda, as an example, each soul is potentially divine, hundred times, thousand times and then you go on believing, so I am also divine. First, there will be total disbelief, then neutrality, then slowly, maybe Swamiji is right, after some time, He is right. So if so, then how can I know that I am divine? This is how evolution really starts. Anyway, coming back, so this chanting of the Parayanam or Veda Adhyayana is the very first task every teacher will be employing. So I think, most of the time or many times, the Guru or the teacher himself might not teach because he will be having sometimes students who are studying for 15 years, 20 years. Sometimes students remain with the teacher for their whole life. So there will be senior students who have learned perfectly well, not only learned but they memorize a whole lot. In those days, memory was there and a side effect of this memory, I am going to tell you. Nowadays, certain type of literature is available to us. It is called Sutra literature, Vedanta Sutras, Vyakarana Sutras, Sankhya Sutras, Nyaya Sutras, etc. Sutra means a brief, aphoristic sentence. So what does it mean? So, for example, when studying Brahma Sutras, Athato Brahma Jignasa, Atha, now Athaha, therefore Brahma Jignasa, that is enquiry into Brahma. There is no verb here. Kartavya, a verb has to be added. One has to enquire into the nature of Brahman. No about Brahman, but they want to make it as brief as possible and that is called Sutra literature. And this Sutra literature, without some commentators, sometimes even with commentators, it makes no sense at all. Why is it? The reason is what we have been discussing. These teachers, they go on teaching and elaborating it and as a mnemonic. You know what is a mnemonic? A short hint. So how to? A short hint. A very funny thing happens. Once when I was in America, I wanted to use the PC and there is a password and there is a hint for the password. So what is the hint? What is it that rises early in the morning regularly? And then everybody should know, it is the Sun, Sunrise. So the Sun, S-U-N. So that is the password. Like that, a hint for remembering the password. Every Sutra is a hint. That is called mnemonic. That is easy. A teacher might have taught for 10 days, 2 months on a tough subject and then he will give one Sutra. That Sutra is like a hint, like a password, remembering the password. And in course of time, people forgot everything. Only Sutra, because easy to memorize, it remains. But it remains absolutely like a closed door until great teachers like Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Madhvacharya come and try to expound them. And sometimes they also brainwash us into accepting their own pet theories. That is what Swami Vivekananda used to call text-torturing. So what I am trying to tell you, the first part of these students is completely directed towards how to pronounce properly and how to chant properly and how to memorize what is chanted properly. And that is why even today, there are some Mathadhipathis, the in-charge of some of the Mathas. So they are so trained, the entire Rig Veda, they can recite backwards without seeing. So after all, which shows memory is very, very flexible and it can be trained. And Swami Vivekananda's repeated teaching is, anybody who practices, he can train the memory very much. So it is not something which is fixed, which is borne with us. And some people say, I don't have memory at all. But they have continuous memory that they don't have any memory at all. That memory they have continuously, they never forget. So it is possible to train the body, train the brain, train our sense organs, train everything. And that is the secret of how to progress in life, whether we are worldly people or spiritual people. Even if you take the people who are successful in worldly affairs, and that is also training of the body and mind. Some people are extraordinarily courageous. How do they become courageous? They are taught in the families, your grandfather was a great hero. Your father was a hero. And would you like to be a coward? Like that, they brainwash themselves and it is very flexible. The point I am trying to tell you, that body is trainable, the mind is trainable, the brain is trainable. And if we are lucky to train in the proper way, our life becomes a blessed life. So the first thing is Veda Adhyayana. And for that, pronunciation is the key. So even if somebody chants these scriptures, it is a purifying process because these are all revelations from the divine. They are not what is called made by human beings. They are all Apaurushai Adhika Paur. That is not created by any limited human brain, but from God who is infinite. So they are coming from the mouths of realized souls. Therefore, Shastra Parayana, that is the repetition of the Shastras is very important. And that is why for us, especially the devotees of Shri Ramakrishna, a continuous reading of the Gospel of Shri Ramakrishna. How many things I myself discover which I missed even though I read every single day. So Gita, so also Upanishads, etc. It is very important. And if a person has to do Veda Parayana and he has to know how to pronounce it properly, this is called Shiksha Shastram. And this Shiksha Shastram in English language, it is called the science of phonetics. Phonetics means the science of proper chanting or pronunciation. And in the Mundakopanishad, in the very first chapter, first Adhyaya, fifth mantra, Tatra, Apara, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Athar Veda. There are four Vedas, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Athar Veda. Then he says to understand these four Vedas properly, we require six what is called sub-Vedic scriptures. What are they? Shiksha, Kalpaha, Vyakaranam, Niruktham, Chandaha, Jyotishamiti. And this is the disciple in that context. I have studied all these things. Then if you have studied, why did you come again to me? Because I know the outer shell but I don't know the inner pith. The fruit I don't know. But here for the sake of these things, we only require Shiksha, Vyakarana, Chandas and Niruktham. What are these four limbs? Out of six, we require these four for pronunciation purpose. What are they? Shiksha means phonetics. That is why it is called Shiksha Adhyayaha, the chapter dealing with phonetics, the science of pronunciation. Then Vyakarana, when a child becomes a little grown up, then the reason is given. Why you are asked to chant it in this particular manner and for that Vyakarana means grammar. And then there are also prose variety and then poetic variety, metric. And that is why certain meters are used. They are called Chandas. The Chandogya Upanishad, I mentioned it because Chandas means Vedic meters are called Chandas. And this Chandogya Upanishad belongs to Sama Veda. Sama Veda is mostly consisting of Rig Vedic mantras. But because of the peculiar way they are formulated, they can be chanted melodiously like a bhajan. And that is why they are called Chandas. That is why the Upanishad is called Chandogya Upanishad. So this is the Chandas meter. Every particular meter, if you want to write poetry and especially Sanskrit poetry, there are varieties of rules and regulations for various meters. Then Nirukta. Nirukta means etymology. What is etymology? How this particular word can be understood properly? That is etymology. What is the origin of this particular word, whether it is Greek, Latin or some other thing? And how people were using, how it is modified, etc., etc. So if we want to study these Vedas, most important, we have to learn how to pronounce. That is why it is called Samyak Krita. Well trained, refined, beautifully refined. And from this only, this is the foundation. Our thoughts, our speech and our actions, they come only from this matter. So in this second section of this first chapter called Siksha Pali, the Rishi is telling us, teaching to the students, we have to look into six factors. Six factors for what purpose? For the sake of pronunciation. So what are those six factors? These are called the six factors, components of correct pronunciation. Now let us see what are those things. So you see, first of all, I just wanted to give a very, very brief background. A Sanskrit language is a perfect language. Any sound that can be pronounced in any part of the world through any language can be pronounced if one is perfect in Sanskrit alphabet. Now this Sanskrit alphabet, there are first of all, vowels. All the letters are divided into vowels and consonants. So these vowels are called Swaras. And then there are 14 in number. And then there are also two, depend, Am, Aha. A, A, E, E, U, U, R, R, R, L, L, A, A, I, O, O, O, M, Aha. And then the consonants, they are called Vyanjana. And they are divided into five parts. How are they divided into five parts? Because when we want to pronounce those things properly, then each one of those, what is called Vyanjana or consonants, inevitably, and we have no choice, the tongue must touch a particular part of this sound box. Either above or below and etc. We are going to talk about them. So first is, even in English language, people have studied, it's called guttural or called Kanthiya. Sounded in the throat at the soft palate with the back of the tongue. And second is called palatal, Talavya. Sounded at the hard palate at the roof of the mouth. So there are some. Then there are what is called Murdhaniya, retroflex. Sounded just above the bridge at the front roof of the mouth. In the diagram, we will see the diaphragm. Then some have to touch the teeth. They are called Dantavya or Dental. Not where your dentist touches, you cry out. That is not what is meant. Without the tongue touching these teeth, certain letters can never be pronounced. They are called Dental and it is called Dantiya. Then of course, there is something called Labial. It is called Ostea. So the tongue must touch, the lips must come close together. For example, you cannot pronounce Ramakrishna. Rama with open lips, you can never pronounce Rama. The moment that M comes, both the lips must close. This is called Labial or Ostea. So first of all, vowels are called Swaras. Consonants are called Venjanas. For the sake of the spiritual knowledge, we don't require. But to what great length this Upanishad is going in order to tell us how we should cultivate culture, the very way of pronunciation. That is why it is called culture. Well cultured, well refined. So there are so many rules are there. So how to pronounce that we must know which part of the body the letter should touch and come out. Then it is said Astah Stanani Varnana. The science of pronunciation describes to us that the letters originate from eight parts of the body. And based on which part of the body, the alphabet is arranged in the Indian languages. First of all, we divide our Sanskrit alphabet into vowels separately. As I said just now, 14 and the consonants separately. And as I said, there are gutturals and there are palatals, etc. Very briefly, we have to understand it. So we know that there are 33 what is called Kakha, Gha, Gha, Gha, Cha, Cha, Ja, Ja, Nya, Ta, Ta, Da, Dha, Na, Ta, Ta, Da, Dha, Na, Pa, Pa, Ba, Ba, Ma. So how these, when we are pronouncing, you just pronounce one letter. For example, Ka, Ka. Where is the, our tongue or the force of the air is touching. Ka, you just see. And then there are some letters Kha, Gha, Cha, Tha, Tha. As if from the bottom of the stomach, that is, there is extra effort is needed to distinguish these things. So this is how these five have come together. And they will tell us, and those who are studying grammar particularly, they will tell us there are kanthiyas, that is gutturals. Then there are some things which we have to make. They are called palatal or thalaviyas. Then they are called murthaniyas, cerebral, etc. And this is what this first Upanishad is telling. That is called varna. What is the first one of the six factors? Varna. So for our study of this Taittiriya Upanishad, we don't need to go into that grammar class. But I am telling how marvelously our teachers have studied and as if with a microscope, which letter cannot come out properly unless it touches the right place. And what they discovered, they passed it on easily that this is how you will have to. So the teacher goes on pronouncing and the students listen and they go on doing it. And just to give an example, when an Indian goes to, for example, UK or America, their way of pronouncing words are quite different. So even today, the people who have studied here, grown up and then migrated to UK, they go on using only Indian way of uttering. But the children that are grown up very, very naturally, as soon as they are put in the school, immediately they start talking, listening like sponges, absorbing how the pronunciation comes. The pronunciation of the children is quite different from the pronunciation of the parents. It is a well-known fact. So all that I needed to say is that to pronounce properly, we should observe how our Guru pronounces. And remember, not now when we are 50 or 60 or 70 or 80 years old, but when we are small children, we go to the proper teacher and the teacher knows how to pronounce. I still remember when I went to UK, my predecessor Swami Bhavyanandaji advised me that every day for 15 minutes, you hear the BBC News. BBC News? Why am I interested in BBC News? Then he said, it is not the news, it is BBC News readers are the best type of pronunciation. Otherwise, whether it is Scotlandish pronunciation or Welsh pronunciation, or East London pronunciation, these are completely undesirable things. But BBC is the best. Like this second section, they are perfect, beautiful English. And then that is how, because if you read newspapers, you get the meaning, but you don't know how to utter those things at all. So that advice for some time quite helped me at least to understand the other people's language, etc. That is the first one. What is the first one? Varna. What is the second one? Swaraha. Swara means an accent or intonation or we call it pitch, in which a letter has to be uttered, high pitch, medium pitch or lower pitch. So a swara must be properly chanted, otherwise the Vedic meaning of the word will differ also. And this pitch is very, very important, especially in music. Those who are singing, those who land, so we have to use, sometimes people use high pitch, sometimes they use, unfortunately, lower pitch. What happens is, so if we misuse this swara or the intonation or the pitch, the meaning can change. Some people may get insulted, etc., and it can create lots and lots of problems. So part of the proper pronunciation is learning how the pitch should be there. And if the pitch is not there, according to our belief, that the whole meaning will be completely opposite and the results will be just the opposite, for that they give a story. And there was a priest, and he was a priest for the Gods, Devas. And he was partial to the enemies of the Devas, that is called the demons. So Indra came to know about it. So he killed him. That being a God, why you are favouring, like people supplying important information to the inimical countries, like some Indians giving information to China about our sensitive affairs. So every country has its own problem. They are called spies, and spies are not necessarily from the inimical countries. Our own people, they hate for whatever reason, and then they supply the enemies, either because of temptation of getting money, etc., or to take revenge. They supply important information, and they are called spies, not Indian spices, but spies. So Indra got angry and killed him. And the father of this fellow who was killed, his name was Tvashta. And then the person who was killed was called Vishwaroopa. And then this Tvashta also knew about these Vedic rituals. So he did one Vedic ritual with the intention that my son should be able to kill Indra who killed my son. That is, I want another son to be born, who will be stronger than Indra, and who can kill Indra. So while doing this Yagna, he just used Indra Shatruhu. And then Indra Shatruhu means a born enemy of Indra. Who will kill Indra? But the pitch was not proper. So what happened? That instead of saying that Indra is the enemy of my son, whom he is going to kill, let my son be the enemy of Indra, whom Indra is going to kill. And then Indra came and promptly killed him. This is the story. Don't take it to what is called insane levels. But to say a pitch should be proper. Then this father, he became very sad because now two sons have been killed. Then he enquired, why did this particular what is called ritual did not yield the proper fruit? Then he came to know the pitch that he was using while giving the oblation was made in such a way. And then, just I am giving you information. In Sanskrit, there are called Samasas. One is called Tatpurusha Samasa. Another thing is called Bahuvrihi Samasa. So instead of Tatpurusha Samasa, this fellow pronounced, it depends on the pronunciation, it became Bahuvrihi. So instead of this child growing up and killing Indra, as soon as this fellow grew up, Indra killed him properly because of the wrong Samasa, wrong pronunciation. It is a story. Don't take it too seriously. But what is meant is that one has to have proper pitch. Sri Ramakrishna gives a beautiful example that there is a father, his youngest son is only one year old and he can only pronounce Pa. He cannot say father. He cannot say Papa. Then he can only say Pa. But the father understands. So this is only to train the student. That is very, very important for us to understand. So what are we talking about? This Swara must be absolutely proper. Then only it will work properly. Otherwise it will not work properly at all. So these are all to say that how important. Then what is the third one? First we discussed about Varnaha. Then Swaraha. Swara means pitch. Then what is Varnaha? Proper way the tongue must touch various parts of the body. Swara means pitch. So medium pitch, high pitch, low pitch, etc. Then we have to talk about Matra. What is Matra? Means measure. What is measure? For example, there is short A. That is one measure. Then there is a Dheer Gha A, two measures. And sometimes while chanting we get what is called Plutam. So for example, at the end of the Akara, they put a small letter above three, like in mathematical calculations. That means the intonation should be three times the Akara. If it is one, that is called short A. If it is two, A. If it has to be even longer, three times, three times, A, A, A, it is called Plutam. So they put three. So for example, Seekhsha, Seekhsha, Seekhsha, Seekhsha, so three times or five times. That means so much of time measurement, one second, two seconds, three seconds, four seconds, five seconds, this is called Plutam. And there is a, what is called, if it has to be pronounced twice, that is called Udata. Beneath the letters, there will be dash. That means it has to come below. That is what we are going to, this one also, study about it. Then this is called Matra. This is the third one. Then Balam. So certain letters have to be pronounced with what is called strength. So for example, Ka, Cha, Ta, Ta, Pa. Ka, Cha, Ta, Ta, Pa. But the second one that follows, it requires double force, that is called Balam. Ka, Ga, Ka, Ka, Ga, Ga, Cha, Cha, Ta, Ta, Ta, Ta. So you have to pronounce. If you pronounce the second one like Ta, there will be no difference. It makes a lot of difference in this one. Then this is called Balam. This is the fourth one. Then the fifth one is called Sama. What is Sama? So is it of one measure? Is it of two measures? Or is it to be, that letter has to be uttered in a higher pitch? Or it has to be uttered in a lower pitch? And if it is of higher pitch, then is it to be pronounced two times or three times? Called Plutham, just now I told you. Or so Udatta, Anudatta, Udatta and Swarita and Plutham. If there is a dash below, that means, for example, Om Shanti, Shanti, Datti, goes down. Sha, there is no upper or lower. Only it goes evenly. That is called Sama. So for example, in the Krishna Yajur Veda, when we say Shanti, Sha should be what is called Samana. Neither upper nor lower, but medium. But Datti, Shanti, observe carefully, listen carefully. Om Shanti, Shanti, Shanti. So that Tihi goes down one measure below. Like the musical notations, if it is Ga, Ma, Pa, then Makara will be even. Ga will be below and Pa will be upper. Like that, there is a way of notation is there. They are called Udatta, Anudatta and then Swarita and then Plutham. These are the four things we have to learn. So I am giving the example of Shanti. Supposing it is Poornamadaha, then there is Shanti at the end. Poornamadaha, Poornamidham, Poornat, Poornamudachyate, Poornasya, Poornamadaya, Poornameva, Vasishyate, Om, Shanti, Shanti, Shanti. But that Shanti, in opposition to what I cited earlier, here Sha goes down. It remains without any change. For example, Om in the first instance, but here it goes down. Here the Sha goes down and then the Inti remains same. In the first instance, Sha remains the same. That Inti goes down. This is called Sama. Then Santana. What is Santana? Even, evenness. It should not be fast and it should not be what is called very slow. Otherwise, people will go to sleep. You see, I am speaking to you and definitely in between, you will have a very beautiful sleep and if at all you come back, I hope you will come back. But there is another way, very fun. You know what everybody is talking about. You must be very careful about it. When we are angry, we go on shouting like that. That also cannot be understood properly. But even I am speaking with you, so it is very nice. I am able to spend some time with you. So that even method is called Santana and every speaker must be very careful. Every singer must be very careful where it has to be uttered fast, where it has to be uttered very slowly, where it has to be uttered evenly. This is called Santana. The popular meaning of the word Santana means children, but here it does not mean. Santana means evenness. So you see, how deep these people have gone. Varnaha, we should know where the letter touches. Swaraha, then we should be able to pronounce it properly. And Matra, exactly according to the, it should go down or below or above, etc. Balam, and how much strength we have to give. And then Sama and then Santana. If these six factors are properly done, then such a person's speech or singing or utterance will be, I would say, more or less perfect. And I am just, I will close this talk with only this much. And you know, there is what is called artificial intelligence where the speech can be translated into the script. And we are also using, my talks are also being used. And then there are some speakers and their speech is, the whisper struggles and shouts, not whispers, but shouts that you stupid fellow, I am unable to understand what you are talking about. But when some people speak, almost what we call perfect. So 90, 95 to 100 percent, it gives the perfection, especially some of the speakers. Almost you can say 100 percent, not exactly, but 98, 99 percent. Some people, if they can achieve between 90 and 95 percent, they are very fortunate speakers. And rest follow anywhere between 0 and 60. Then it is better to employ somebody and do it. But how much depth our Rishis have gone to make us cultured persons, refined persons. And that is beautifully said in this second Anuvaka and divided into six types. Varnaha, Swaraha, Matra, Balam, Sama, Santanayate. With this, the second section is over.